Animated Engines

Animated Engines

I have loved mechanical things since I was a kid. Engines in particular have always intrigued me. All my life I’ve pored over books, studying cutaway diagrams, hungry to understand how things worked. These pages are an attempt to share that magic.



Some of the animations are rather large, so you may need to allow a few extra seconds while each page loads. These pages use animated GIF files, so they require a fairly recent browser -- any but the oldest browsers will do. If the main illustration at the top of each page isn’t moving, you’ll need to update your browser for the full effect.



I hope you enjoy visiting my engine pages as much as I have enjoyed creating them"






I was trying to describe how a four stroke engine worked to my son the other day... A picture really can be worth a thousand words (and a number of badly drawn images on napkins ;)



There are a number of other engine animations, along with a How To, if you’re interested in doing something like this yourself.

Metal Cutting Processes 2 - Milling

	Metal Cutting Processes 2 - Milling
	Contents Introduction Types of Milling Machine 2.1 Horizontal Milling Machine 2.2 Vertical Milling Machine Cutting Tools 3.1 Cutting Tools for Horizontal Milling Machine 3.2 Cutting Tools for Vertical Milling Machine Industrial Applications Milling Processes 5.1 Spindle Speed 5.2 Feed Rate 5.3 Depth of Cut 5.4 Direction of Cutter Rotation Typical Milling Operations 6.1 Plain Milling 6.2 End Milling 6.3 Gang Milling 6.4 Straddle Milling Milling Set Up 7.1 Vice Alignment 7.2 Work Holding Method Safety
	1. Introduction Milling machine is one of the most versatile conventional machine tools with a wide range of metal cutting capability. Many complicated operations such as indexing, gang milling, and straddle milling etc. can be carried out on a milling machine. This training module is intended to give you a good appreciation on the type of milling machines and the various types of milling processes. Emphasis is placed on its industrial applications, operations, and the selection of appropriate cutting tools. On completion of this module, you will acquire some of these techniques from the training exercises as illustrated in figure 1. However, to gain maximum benefit, you are strongly advised to make yourself familiar with the following notes before undertaking the training activities, and to have a good interaction between yourself and the staff in charge of your training. Assessment of your training will be based on a combination of your skill and attitude in getting the work done. Figure 1. Milling Products 2. Types of Milling Machine Most of the milling machine are constructed of ¡¥column and knee¡¦ structure and they are classified into two main types namely Horizontal Milling Machine and Vertical Milling Machine. The name Horizontal or Vertical is given to the machine by virtue of its spindle axis. Horizontal machines can be further classified into Plain Horizontal and Universal Milling Machine. The main difference between the two is that the table of an Universal Milling Machine can be set at an angle for helical milling while the table of a Plain Horizontal Milling Machine is not. 2.1. Horizontal Milling Machine Figure 2 shows the main features of a Plain Horizontal Milling Machine. Their functions are :- a. Column The column houses the spindle, the bearings, the gear box, the clutches, the sha fts, the pumps, and the shifting mechanisms for transmitting power from the electric motor to the spindle at a selected speed. b. Knee The knee mounted in front of the column is for supporting the table and to provide an up or down motion along the Z axis. c. Saddle The saddle consists of two slideways, one on the top and one at the bottom located at 90º to each other, for providing motions in the X or Y axes by means of lead screws. d. Table The table is mounted on top of the saddle and can be moved along the X axis. On top of the table are some T-slots for the mounting of workpiece or clamping fixtures. e. Arbor The arbor is an extension of the spindle for mounting cutters. Usually, the thread end of an arbor is of left hand helix. Figure 2. Horizontal Milling Machine 2.2. Vertical Milling Machine Figure 3 shows a vertical milling machine which is of similar construction to a horizontal milling machine except that the spindle is mounted in the vertical position. Its additional features are :- a. Milling head The milling head consisting the spindle, the motor, and the feed control unit is mounted on a swivel base such that it can be set at any angle to the table. b. Ram The ram on which the milling head is attached can be positioned forward and backward along the slideway on the top of the column. Figure 3. Vertical Milling Machine 3. Cutting Tools 3.1. Cutting Tools for Horizontal Milling a. Slab Mills For heavy cutting of large and flat surfaces. Figure 4. Slab Mill b. Side and Face Cutters This type of cutters has cutting edges on the periphery and sides of the teeth for cutting shoulders and slots. Figure 5. Side and Face Cutter c. Slitting Saws For cutting deep slots or for parting off. Figure 6. Slitting Saw Note: Horizontal milling cutters are specified by the name, the material, the width, the diameter, and the hub size of the cutter. Example --- Side and face cutter, High Speed Steel, Cutter size : 10 X ø 100 Hub size: ø 25 3.2. Cutting tools for Vertical Milling a. End Mills Commonly used for facing, slotting and profile milling. Figure 7. End Mill b. Rough Cut End Mills For rapid metal removal. Figure 8. Rough Cut End Mill c. Slot Drills For producing pockets without drilling a hole before hand. Figure 9. Slot Drill d. Face Milling Cutters For heavy cutting. Figure 10. Face Milling Cutter Note: Most vertical milling cutters are of end mill types and are specified by the material, the diameter, the length, the helical angle, the types of shank and the shank diameter. For face milling cutter, only the diameter of the cutter and the types of carbide inserts are required. 4. Industrial Applications Milling machines are widely used in the tool and die making industry and are commonly used in the manufacturing industry for the production of a wide range of components as shown in figure 11. Typical examples are the milling of flat surface, indexing, gear cutting, as well as the cutting of slots and key-ways. When equipped with digital readout, the machine is capable of producing more precise work for the manufacturing of plastic moulds, tool & dies, and jigs & fixtures. Figure 12 shows a typical plastic mould produced by milling. Figure 11. Components Made by Milling Figure 12. Plastic Mould 5. Milling Processes Milling is a metal removal process by means of using a rotating cutter having one or more cutting teeth as illustrated in figure 13. Cutting action is carried out by feeding the workpiece against the rotating cutter. Thus, the spindle speed, the table feed, the depth of cut, and the rotating direction of the cutter become the main parameters of the process. Good results can only be achieved with a well balanced settings of these parameters. Figure 13. Milling Process 5.1. Spindle Speed Spindle speed in revolution per minute (R.P.M.) for the cutter can be calculated from the equation :- where -- N = R.P.M. of the cutter CS = Linear Cutting Speed of the material in m/min. ( see table 1 ) d = Diameter of cutter in mm 5.2. Feed Rate Feed rate (F) is defined as the rate of travel of the workpiece in mm/min. But most tool suppliers recommend it as the movement per tooth of the cutter (f). Thus, F = f . u . N where -- F = table feed in mm/min f = movement per tooth of cutter in mm ( see table 1 ) u = number of teeth of cutter N = R.P.M. of the cutter where C.S. and feed rate for some common material :- Tool Material High Speed Steel Carbide Material Cutting Speed Feed (f) Cutting Speed Feed (f) Mild Steel 25 0.08 100 0.15 Aluminium 100 0.15 500 0.3 Hardened Steel --- --- 50 0.1 Table 1 5.3. Depth of Cut Depth of cut is directly related to the efficiency of the cutting process. The deeper the cut the faster will be the production rate. Yet, it still depends on the strength of the cutter and the material to be cut. For a certain type of cutter, a typical range of cut will be recommended by the supplier. Nevertheless, it should be noted that a finer cut is usually associated with a better surface finish as well as a long tool life. 5.4. Direction of Cutter Rotation a. Up Cut Milling In up cut milling, the cutter rotates in a direction opposite to the table feed as illustrated in figure 14. It is conventionally used in most milling operations because the backlash between the leadscrew and the nut of the machine table can be eliminated. Figure 14. Up Cut Milling b. Down Cut Milling In down cut milling, the cutter rotates in the same direction as the table feed as illustrated in figure 15. This method is also known as Climb Milling and can only be used on machines equipped with a backlash eliminator or on a CNC milling machine. This method, when properly treated, will require less power in feeding the table and give a better surface finish on the workpiece. Figure 15. Down Cut Milling 6. Typical Milling Operations 6.1. Plain Milling Plain milling is the milling of a flat surface with the axis of the cutter parallel to the machining surface. It can be carried out either on a horizontal machine or a vertical machine as shown in figure 16. Figure 16. Plain Milling 6.2. End Milling End Milling is the milling of a flat surface with the axis of the cutter perpendicular to the machining surface as shown in figure 17. Figure 17. End Milling 6.3. Gang Milling Gang milling is a horizontal milling operation that utilises three or more milling cutters grouped together for the milling of a complex surface in one pass. As illustrated in figure 18, different type and size of cutters should be select ed for achieving the desire profile on the workpiece. Figure 18. Gang Milling 6.4. Straddle Milling In straddle milling, a group of spacers is mounted in between two side and face milling cutters on the spindle arbor as shown in figure 19. for the milling of two surfaces parallel to each other at a given distance. Figure 19. Straddle Milling 7. Milling Set Up Correct use of holding device and a good set up are of crucial importance in achieving a safe, accurate, and efficient operation of the machine. Large workpiece can be mounted directly onto the machine table by means of tenons and screws while small workpieces are usually held by machine vice as shown in figure 20. In either case, a dial indicator is used for alignment checking. Figure 20. Machine Vice 7.1. Vice Alignment In the setting up of the vice onto the machine table, the fix jaw of the vice must be set parallel to the machine table using a Parallel Bar and a Dial Indicator as illustrated in figure 21. Adjustments can only be made by using a hide face hammer to correct its position such that a near zero indicator movement is achieved at all positions along the parallel bar. Figure 21. Machine Vice Set-up 7.2. Work Holding Method In the machining of a complex component, it is usually started off with the milling of a rectangular block. To ensure that each surface of the rectangular block is perpendicular to its neighbouring surfaces, the following points should be noted:- The vice jaws and the workpiece must be free from burrs, chips, and cutting fluid. Smaller workpiece should be supported by parallel bars to provide the supporting datum. Round bar must be placed between the workpiece and the movable jaw to ensure that the workpiece is in perfect contact with the fix jaw. The vice handle should be tightened by hand to avoid over clamping of the workpiece as well as the vice. Hide face hammer should be used to assure that the workpiece is in perfect contact with the supporting base. On completion of the milling of the first face, the workpiece should be unloaded, deburred, and cleaned before the next operation. To machine the second and the third faces, the workpiece should be clamped with its preceding machined surface facing against the fix jaw of the vice. Similar clamping method can be applied in the machining of the fourth face. Yet it can also be clamped on the vice without the round bar. Both ends of the workpiece can be machined with the periphery flutes of the cutter using up cut milling as shown in figure 23. Figure 22. Holding Method by Using a Machine Vice Figure 23. End Surface Milling 8. Safety Safety practices of a machine shop should be followed. A complete understanding of the Safety Rules would enable the students to identify potential hazards that may occur under different working conditions such that appropriate preventive actions can be taken to avoid the happening of accidents. Emphasis should be given that the eyes of the machine operator must be protected by wearing a face shield (figure 24) to prevent accident that may be caused by chips, cutting fluid, and tool breakage. Machine operators must also take care of their body such as fingers which keep out of any moving parts, especially the rotating cutter of the machine, to prevent any unnecessary accident hurt. The milling machine must be stopped immediately when any accidence occurred, so the operator must stand near by the control panel of the machine and pays more attention on the operation. Remember the Chinese phrase 'carefully can be driven the boat in thousand year' that you will enjoy the benefits provided by milling. http://mmu.ic.polyu.edu.hk Figure 24. Face Shield

Introduction

Introduction

Milling machine is one of the most versatile conventional machine tools with a wide range of metal cutting capability. Many complicated operations such as indexing, gang milling, and straddle milling etc. can be carried out on a milling machine.

This training module is intended to give you a good appreciation on the type of milling machines and the various types of milling processes. Emphasis is placed on its industrial applications, operations, and the selection of appropriate cutting tools.

On completion of this module, you will acquire some of these techniques from the training exercises as illustrated in figure 1. However, to gain maximum benefit, you are strongly advised to make yourself familiar with the following notes before undertaking the training activities, and to have a good interaction between yourself and the staff in charge of your training. Assessment of your training will be based on a combination of your skill and attitude in getting the work done. http://mmu.ic.polyu.edu.hk

Milling Products

Work Holding Method

Work Holding Method

In the machining of a complex component, it is usually started off with the milling of a rectangular block. To ensure that each surface of the rectangular block is perpendicular to its neighbouring surfaces, the following points should be noted:-

• The vice jaws and the workpiece must be free from burrs, chips, and cutting fluid.
• Smaller workpiece should be supported by parallel bars to provide the supporting datum.
• Round bar must be placed between the workpiece and the movable jaw to ensure that the workpiece is in perfect contact with the fix jaw.
• The vice handle should be tightened by hand to avoid over clamping of the workpiece as well as the vice. Hide face hammer should be used to assure that the workpiece is in perfect contact with the supporting base.
• On completion of the milling of the first face, the workpiece should be unloaded, deburred, and cleaned before the next operation.
• To machine the second and the third faces, the workpiece should be clamped with its preceding machined surface facing against the fix jaw of the vice.
• Similar clamping method can be applied in the machining of the fourth face.
• Yet it can also be clamped on the vice without the round bar.
• Both ends of the workpiece can be machined with the periphery flutes of the cutter using up cut milling as shown in figure 23.

Holding Method by Using a Machine Vice

End Surface Milling

http://mmu.ic.polyu.edu.h

Vice Alignment

Vice Alignment In the setting up of the vice onto the machine table, the fix jaw of the vice must be set parallel to the machine table using a Parallel Bar and a Dial Indicator as illustrated in figure 21. Adjustments can only be made by using a hide face hammer to correct its position such that a near zero indicator movement is achieved at all positions along the parallel bar. http://mmu.ic.polyu.edu.hk

Probelauf von meinen Rover Meteor V12 Motor

National Post By National PostOctober 30, 2009 4:36 AM During the classic 1930s era, many of the most luxurious cars had large multi-cylinder engines. Eight was the bare minimum for acceptance, with both straight-eights and V8s being popular. But it usually took even more cylinders to crack the upper echelon. Cadillac introduced a V16 in 1930 and a V12 in 1931. Marmon had a V16, and Packard...

V-8 Go-Kart . . . "Bad Idea"

HEAL-A-SEAL^TM IS THE ONLY COMPLETE REPAIR KIT ON THE MARKET (IT IS NOT JUST A CHEMICAL!) - WHICH ENABLES THE USER TO 'INSTANTLY' FIX NOT ONLY THE CADILLAC NORTHSTAR ENGINES WITH THE BLOWN HEAD GASKETS, OR BAD HEAD GASKETS LEAKING, BUT NORTHSTAR ENGINES WITH WARPED HEADS OR CRACKED HEADS, LEAKY MANIFOLD GASKETS, LEAKING CYLINDER BLOCKS (including any EXTERNAL LEAKS such as CRACKS, FISSURES, POROUS ALUMINUM BLOCKS OR HEADS, WORN FREEZE PLUGS) and even CYLINDER SLEEVES LEAKS, STRIPPED THREADS ON CYLINDER BLOCKS OR HEAD BOLTS, ETC.

... AND, UNLIKE ANYTHING ELSE ON THE MARKET, HEAL-A-SEAL^TM IS THE ONLY COMPLETE HEAD GASKET REPAIR KIT WHICH ELIMINATES THE COSTLY MAJOR REPAIRS, OR ENGINE DISASSEMBLY, OR EVEN THE ENGINE REBUILDING DUE TO ANY OF THE ABOVE SYMPTOMS, WHILE SAVING THE USERS LITERALLY A FORTUNE IN REPAIR COSTS OF UP TO $4500* (BUT WITH NO GUARANTEE!) AND UP TO $9500* FOR A NEW (OR REMANUFACTURED) CADILLAC NORTHSTAR ENGINES!

* $4500 AND UP TO $9500 = PRICES QUOTED BY CADILLAC DEALERS!

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V12_RC_Modellmotor_Directors_cut

his is a show run of our aircooled V12 engine. This engine has got 87ccm.
the fuel is Methanol with 15%Nitromethane and 12%lubrication Oil.
please go to my websitte for further Informations.
http://www.wawu.eu

V 12 Modellmotor RC Engine the original Video !

V 12 Modellmotor RC Engine the original Video !
2:24
-Testrun- this is the original Video from the owner; top speed 6000RPM;6-8 HP--87 ccm -has got the whole Engine
for further Information please go to

my website

http://www.wawu-engines.com

Ferrari V12 Engine

Not just removing those covers, but for those that aren't just covers-- show us what's underneath. I love old Ferrari, Lamborghini, and other engines that I don't even have time to look up for the way they look without the cover of filter housings (and hell, some may have been damned near exposed from the looks of it).

Read more: http://forums.motortrend.com/70/8367472/the-general-forum/automakers-i-want-to-see-your-engines/index.html#ixzz19JLumstY

http://forums.motortrend.com

Deutz engine 1

Oil Coolers (02/02/2006)
We can supply quality oil coolers for Cummins, Deutz, Perkins and other models: 1) #142608 NT855 16" (Cummins) 2) #3021581 NT855 12" (Cummins) 3) #3201785 K19 (Cummins) 4) #3412285 Big Cam III (Cummins) 5) #3882324 L10 (Cummins) 6) #3918175 6CT (Cummins) 7) #3921557 4BT (Cummins) 8) #3921558 6BT (Cummins) 9) #3161781 Oil Cooler Assy.M11(Cummins) 10) #2234409 F4L912 (Deutz) 11) #2234414 F6L912 (Deutz) 12) #2235019 F6L912, Hydr. (Deutz) 13) #4147841 F8L413 (Deutz) 14) #4149147 F8L413 (Deutz) 15) #2486A205B (Perkins) 16) #2486A206C (Perkins) 17) #2486A207B (Perkins) 18) #2486A213 (Perkins) 19) #2486A970 (Perkins) 20) #2486A980 (Perkins) 21) #2486A981 (Perkins) 22) #2638C019B (Perkins)
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Compressed Air Cars - France

An 'air car' sure sounds like an environmentally friendly mode of transportation. After all, air is pretty clean! But it takes energy to compress air, so the question becomes, how do compressed air cars stack up against electric vehicles and hydrogen cars?

One example of a compressed air car is the Zero Pollution Motors (ZPM) MDI Air Car. This car is a hybrid which operates on compressed air alone under 35 mph, and uses gasoline to compress more air above 35 mph. The company claims their air car is "the worlds cleanest car" with "half the CO2 per mile as a Toyota Prius" at speeds over 35 mph. However, both of these claims are based on just the gasoline emissions and ignore the emissions associated with compressing the air in the first place. A bit sketchy.

So how much energy and CO2 emissions are associated with compressing the air? Well, according to the car's specifications, it has a 5.5 kW charger which takes 4 hours to fully refill the tank. This means it requires roughly 22 kWh to replaced the compressed air. The company also claims the car has an 848 mile range on both a full tank of compressed air and 8 gallons of gasoline, and that the gasoline emits 0.141 lbs/mile of CO2 from just the gasoline.

Over those 848 miles, it's also responsible for the 22 kWh of energy required to replace the compressed air. So how much CO2 is associated with that energy? Well, of course it depends where you get it from. According to the EPA, the average CO2 emissions from power generation in the US are 1.363 lbs/kWh. So on average, you're creating 30 lbs of CO2 emissions over those 848 miles, or a further 0.035 lbs/mile for a total of 0.176 lbs/mile of CO2. This is roughly half the CO2 emissions associated with a Toyota Prius. If the compressed air is powered by a more environmentally friendly energy source, it will produce even lower emissions. For example, Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) in California produces 0.52 lbs CO2 per kWh, which would bring the ZPM down to 0.155 lbs/mile of CO2.gas versorgerwechseln heidelberg

http://www.greenoptions.com

Oil & Gas Fired Steam Boiler

MECHANICAL TECHNOLOG

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Leading manufacturer & exporter of the IBR Steam Boilers, Thermic Fluid Heaters & Burners. Our Boilers & Heaters are based on various fuels like Coal, Wood, Agricultural Waste, Oil and Gas. We are also manufacturing Hot Water Boilers, Waste Heat Boilers, in any code, Tanks, Chimney and Heat Exchangers etc. Y: Boiler

Gear Hobbing

Gear hobbing is considered to be the most productive and viable of all a generating process. With Gear hobbing process toothed wheels of gears are manufactured with high quality and gives excellent performance.

However, Hobbing is only used to produce spur and worn gears. Internal gears or shoulder gear cannot be worked up in Hobbing process.
The hobbing process works like this. The hob is applied for generating the involute teeth. The hob is essentially a cylindrical tool which is positioned straight. In hobbing process the hob as well as the workpiece rotate continuously displaying a rotational relationship. A thread having the similar cross section as that of rack tooth is helically wound around the Hob. The Hob is then subsequently rotated. The gear blank is fed onto the hob based on the depth of cut. The helix pattern of a rotating hob is identical to that of a moving rack. Gear hobbing is an efficient process however it comes with complicated process kinematics, and some how difficult tool wear mechanisms.

http://www.gearshub.com

Gear Hobbing

Gear hobbing is considered to be the most productive and viable of all a generating process. With Gear hobbing process toothed wheels of gears are manufactured with high quality and gives excellent performance.

However, Hobbing is only used to produce spur and worn gears. Internal gears or shoulder gear cannot be worked up in Hobbing process.
The hobbing process works like this. The hob is applied for generating the involute teeth. The hob is essentially a cylindrical tool which is positioned straight. In hobbing process the hob as well as the workpiece rotate continuously displaying a rotational relationship. A thread having the similar cross section as that of rack tooth is helically wound around the Hob. The Hob is then subsequently rotated. The gear blank is fed onto the hob based on the depth of cut. The helix pattern of a rotating hob is identical to that of a moving rack. Gear hobbing is an efficient process however it comes with complicated process kinematics, and some how difficult tool wear mechanisms.




http://www.gearshub.com

CNC cutting of a 29 tooth Helical gear using EMC2.flv

Description: http://3dcadmodel.blogspot.com
After you cut extrude & circular pattern for helical gear profile, you can use flex & twisting ordered with 15 degree entered angle of helix. That is more simple.

http://www.savevid.com

Typical Milling Operations

Typical Milling Operations
Plain milling is the milling of a flat surface with the axis of the cutter parallel to the machining surface. It can be carried out either on a horizontal machine or a vertical machine

Special Carbide End Mills and Form End Mills

Wolf Tool Technologies has significant expertise in manufacturing custom designed end mills for demanding applications. Our engineers can help you design the right geometry, number of flutes, corner configurations, and PVD coatings to give you the highest level of productivity. Custom carbide end mills can reduce your costs by combining multiple milling operations into one. We have expertise in milling carbon steels, stainless steels, cast and ductile irons, aluminum, Titanium, and the high temperature alloys.

Please make sure you sharpen your used carbide end mills! You can't afford to not get multiple uses of these tools.

http://www.wolftooltech.com

Horizontal Milling Machine

Horizontal Milling Machine
Figure 2 shows the main features of a Plain Horizontal Milling Machine.
Their functions are :-
a. ColumnThe column houses the spindle, the bearings, the gear box, the clutches, the shafts, the pumps, and the shifting mechanisms for transmitting power from the electric motor to the spindle at a selected speed.
b. KneeThe knee mounted in front of the column is for supporting the table and to provide an up or down motion along the Z axis.
c. Saddle The saddle consists of two slideways, one on the top and one at the bottom located at 90º to each other, for providing motions in the X or Y axes by means of lead screws.
d. TableThe table is mounted on top of the saddle and can be moved along the X axis. On top of the table are some T-slots for the mounting of workpiece or clamping fixtures.
e. Arbor The arbor is an extension of the spindle for mounting cutters. Usually, the thread end of an arbor is of left hand helix.

Horizontal Milling Machine

Figure 2 shows the main features of a Plain Horizontal Milling Machine.

Their functions are :-

a. Column The column houses the spindle, the bearings, the gear box, the clutches, the shafts, the pumps, and the shifting mechanisms for transmitting power from the electric motor to the spindle at a selected speed. b. Knee The knee mounted in front of the column is for supporting the table and to provide an up or down motion along the Z axis. c. Saddle The saddle consists of two slideways, one on the top and one at the bottom located at 90º to each other, for providing motions in the X or Y axes by means of lead screws. d. Table The table is mounted on top of the saddle and can be moved along the X axis. On top of the table are some T-slots for the mounting of workpiece or clamping fixtures. e. Arbor The arbor is an extension of the spindle for mounting cutters. Usually, the thread end of an arbor is of left hand helix.

http://animah.freehostia.com

Down Cut Milling

Down Cut Milling
In down cut milling, the cutter rotates in the same direction as the table feed as illustrated in figure 15. This method is also known as Climb Milling and can only be used on machines equipped with a backlash eliminator or on a CNC milling machine. This method, when properly treated, will require less power in feeding the table and give a better surface finish on the workpiece.

Down Cut Milling

In down cut milling, the cutter rotates in the same direction as the table feed as illustrated in figure 15. This method is also known as Climb Milling and can only be used on machines equipped with a backlash eliminator or on a CNC milling machine. This method, when properly treated, will require less power in feeding the table and give a better surface finish on the workpiece.

http://mmu.ic.polyu.edu.hk

Direction of Cutter Rotation

Direction of Cutter Rotation
a. Up Cut Milling
In up cut milling, the cutter rotates in a direction opposite to the table feed as illustrated in figure 14. It is conventionally used in most milling operations because the backlash between the leadscrew and the nut of the machine table can be eliminated.

Single Stage Centrifugal Pump

Single Stage End Suction Centrifugal Pumps From Weinman Pumps

End Suction Centrifugal Pumps from Weinman are versatile, low cost pumps, engineered for virtually every phase of liquid handling. Heads to 260 feet, flows to 2000 GPM.

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Single Stage End Suction Pumps from Weinman are particularly useful where installation space is limited.

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Weinman Single Stage End Suction
Frame Mounted Composite Curve 1750 RPM


Weinman Single Stage End Suction
Frame Mounted Composite Curve 3500 RPM

Single Stage Centrifugal Pump

Single Stage End Suction Centrifugal Pumps From Weinman Pumps

End Suction Centrifugal Pumps from Weinman are versatile, low cost pumps, engineered for virtually every phase of liquid handling. Heads to 260 feet, flows to 2000 GPM.

Advantages and Construction Features

Economy
Today...tomorrow...anytime... Single Stage End Suction Pumps from Weinman are your most economical buy. Lower in initial cost, they require a minimum of maintenance and operating expenses over the years.

Quality Construction
Every detail of precision workmanship plus finest materials contribute to Weinman's high standards of quality construction...your assurance of continuous, reliable pumping service.

Modern Design
Developed by experienced pump engineers thoroughly familiar with actual service conditions, Weinman Pumps feature the most modern and scientific hydraulic and mechanical design.

Efficiency
Single Stage End Suction Pumps from Weinman, particularly in smaller sizes, are more efficient than double suction pumps. Mechanical and hydraulic losses are reduced, resulting in higher operating efficiency.

Compactness
Single Stage End Suction Pumps from Weinman are particularly useful where installation space is limited.

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Mach3 CNC Probe Tool

This kit includes the major components you need for a fully capable DC CNC system, perfect for the do-it-yourselfer who wants to save money and still have all the features of a more expensive off-the-shelf system. AjaxCNC has bundled together a fast, reliable DSP-based CNC CPU card (our "MPU11"), with a 15 amp 3-axis servo drive and PLC combo (our "DC3IO"), into a dead simple plug-and-play system optimized for use with Mach3 software. Not only that, we've taken all the work out of configuring your system: coolant, lube, spindle control, limits, and more have dedicated connections and are pre-programmed and ready to run.

http://www.ajaxcnc.com

Single Stage Centrifugal Pump

Centrifugal Pump Principles - sample_2

Self-Priming Centrifugal Pump UHN series (PAT.) Outstanding self-priming performance even under extreme conditions

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Patented in Japan, U.S.A., other Bore 40-250mm Total head 10-90m Capacity 0.1-8m3/min Standard centrifugal pumps have no self-priming capability and are incapable of pumping when water flow is discontinued in the suction pipe. The oval shaped self-priming pump has weak self-priming force at locations where back pressure is present, and the higher the pump head, the harder to self-prime the water. The YOKOTA Self-Priming Centrifugal Pump has the same pumping capability for high head pumping as other centrifugal pumps, however its self-priming force is extremely strong at 60-90kPa (6-9m water column), which enables the pump to be used even under extreme conditions. For suction pumping with outstanding self-priming power: UHN type For intake piping across embankments or long intake pipes: Priming strengthened UHNS/UHNK types For high density slurry: Slurry resistant UHT type For installation in places subject to submersion: UHPR type with submersible motor Features of the YOKOTA Self-Priming Centrifugal Pump Outstanding self-priming power The internationally patented water-air separating mechanism reaches a maximum vacuum of 60-90kPa (6-9m water column) and displays outstanding self-priming power. No problem with suction of air during pumping A large amount of incoming air can be separated and discharged during pumping. Even if pumping becomes subject to suction or mixture of air due to fluctuations of suction conditions, it continues pumping, constantly discharging air, and restores normal pumping operation as soon as suction conditions return to normal. Even continuous suction of air-containing water (i.e., gas-liquid two-phase pumping) is possible. Low NPSH Even if cavitation develops due to fluctuations of suction conditions such as water level, temperature, or vacuum level on the suction side, this pump can still continue its pumping operation. Therefore, this pump does not require allowance for NPSH, and enables stable pumping operation even under fluctuating suction conditions. It naturally shows outstanding performance for extraction from sealed (vacuum) tanks. Simple structure without any inlet valve, No need for a foot valve Due to its simple structure without any inlet check valve, it is robust and easy to maintain. Moreover, there is no need for installing a foot valve or an intermediate valve on the intake side under ordinary operating conditions. Operation is also easy with no need for priming. Intake piping across embankments or long intake piping is possible Because of superior intake power, intake pipes can be installed across embankments. Intake piping with long piping is also possible. Outstanding pumping performance This single-suction, single-stage centrifugal pump displays outstanding pumping performance in a wide range of specifications. Large selection of models, Large selection of materials This self-priming pump has an incomparably wide variety of models available for easy selection. Further, a wide variety of materials are available, including FC, CAC, SCS and YOKOTA's corrosion and wear resistant special stainless steel casting (YST), to meet the needs of various kinds of liquid. Construction that can meet a wide range of specifications Standard constructions include semi-open impellers for small pumps and closed impellers for medium and larger pumps. The impeller has been improved to form ideal blades for high efficiency. An oil bath lubrication system is adopted for bearings. Maintenance is easy to perform because construction is simple and the number of parts in the water passage section is minimized. Stable quality All special material products are manufactured internally in a continuous process to ensure stable quality. Principle of self-priming (PAT.) The pump casing consists of a smaller passage and a larger passage forming a semi-double volute and a cavity holder in the discharge nozzle. 1. Flow of circulation During self-priming, the water discharged from passage A in the semi-double volute returns to the impeller through passage B-C, and is discharged again into passage A. 2. Removal of bubbles This recirculation flow mixes the water and the air in the center with intense vortex D within the impeller and discharges it into passage A. 3. Water-air separation and exhaust The water-air mixture is led from passage A to discharge nozzle B in a cyclonic state and automatically separated by centrifugal force, and then the water is recirculated through passage B-C. The separated air is then held by cavity holder E, and compressed and discharged. http://www.aquadevice.com